Understanding OPEC Watch and Expected Outcomes Calculator

  • 2 Dec 2024
  • By CME Group
  • Topics: Energy

OPEC Watch assumptions and interpretations

  • Meeting outcome probabilities for the December 5 meeting are calculated from the LOF5 monthly contract and the nearest active Crude Oil Weekly option prices.
  • An implied volatility curve for a generated December 5 expiration is interpolated from these available option expirations.
  • The polynomial method is used to derive an implied probability distribution from the generated December 5 expiration. A centering reference future price is calibrated to the arithmetic average of the last five settlement prices of CL1 from November 14 (21 days to expiration) from the valuation date.
  • The ATM (at-the-money) implied volatility from the generated December 5 expiration is priced and a one-standard deviation range is calculated from that implied volatility and time to expiration.
  • The one-standard deviation range is recalibrated at 14, seven and four days to expiration (DTE).
  • The one-standard deviation range is applied to the centering reference futures price.
  • Once OPEC Watch starts tracking, an implied distribution will be derived in real time from the generated December 5 expiration: 
    • The probability area ≥ +1 SD price will be the ‘Further Delay Increase’ %
    • The probability area ≤ -1 SD price will be the ‘Increase Output’ %
    • The probability area > -1 SD and < +1 SD will be the ‘No Plan Change’ %

Methodology:

There are different methods for extracting probabilities from options prices. A number of these involve estimating a probability density function (PDF) by inverting an options pricing formula such as Black-Scholes and using option market prices to solve for the pricing density function. Most theoretical option pricing models rely on an assumption of lognormally distributed prices, or normally distributed log returns. These models assume this standard normal density function applies to value an option of any strike price for a given expiration. Observed futures price returns, however, may not conform to a standard normal distribution. Observed returns may be skewed or kurtotic, meaning the realized price distributions could have greater probabilities of extreme price moves and tend to cluster more returns around current futures price levels versus these models. The effect on option prices in the market is for volatility to vary by strike price. Instead of the same volatility for each option strike, ‘implied volatilities’ will differ by strike. These strike and time-varying implied volatilities imply a probability density function of futures returns that may have greater skew or kurtosis than a standard normal.

It is possible to estimate this non-standard normal probability density function by inverting theoretical value equations and solving for an implied probability distribution that fits current option market prices. Note, different methods can yield slightly different implied probabilities as more than one density function can satisfy current option prices, given the same constraints. The method used for the OPEC Watch probabilities is as follows:

D N (d2)/D Moneyness

Where Moneyness is defined as Log(K/F)/Sqr(dte)

  1. Implied volatilities are calculated and fitted by a fitting function (of the form x^n) from current option and futures prices on the LOF5 contract and from the nearest active Crude Oil Weekly option prices. An implied volatility curve for a generated December 5 expiration is interpolated from these available option expirations.
  2. From the implied volatility function, the value N (d2) is calculated by strike (k), where N (d2) is defined as:
  1. The ATM (at-the-money) implied volatility from the generated December 5 expiration is priced, and a one-standard deviation range is calculated from that implied volatility and time to expiration.
  2. The one-standard deviation range is recalibrated at 14, seven and four days to expiration (DTE).
  3. The one-standard deviation range is applied to the centering reference futures price.
  4. The implied event probabilities are then set as: 
    • The probability area ≥ +1 SD price will be the Additional Cuts %
    • The probability area ≤ -1 SD price will be the Ease of Cuts %
    • The probability area > -1 SD and < +1 SD will be the No Change %

See the Probabilities tab on OPEC Watch for a table of the implied distribution calculation values.


Disclaimer

All examples in this tool are hypothetical interpretations of situations and are used for explanation purposes only. The views in this tool reflect solely those of the author and not necessarily those of CME Group or its affiliated institutions. This tool and the information herein should not be considered investment advice or the results of actual market experience.  CME Group expressly disclaims all liability for the use or interpretation (whether by visitor or by others) of information contained herein. Decisions based on this information are the sole responsibility of the visitor.  The visitor agrees to hold the CME Group and its affiliates and licensors harmless against any claims for damages arising from any decisions that the visitor makes based on such information. Nothing contained in this tool constitutes investment advice, nor does it constitute the solicitation of the purchase or sale of any futures or options.

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OPEC Watch

Count down to the next Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries or OPEC meeting with OPEC Watch, based on WTI Crude Oil Option prices.

View OPEC Watch Tool