CORN:
The USDA's January report showed US harvested acres at 91.3 million versus the average estimate of 90 million and a range of 89.3-90.5. This is higher than 90 in December. Yield was 186.5 bushels/acre versus 184, a range of 182-186, and 186 in December. Production estimated at 17.021 billion bushels, also above the high estimate of 16.752 billion. The average estimate was 16.554 billion, with a range of 16.353 to 16.752 billion. Production was estimated at 16.752 billion in December. US ending stocks for 2025/26 are estimated at 2.227 billion bushels, compared to 1.986 billion expected (range 1.772-2.235 billion) and 2.029 billion in December. World ending stocks for 2025/26 were 290.9 million tonnes, compared to the expected 280 million and a range of 277-285 million tonnes, and 279.2 million in December. Brazil production for 2025/26 is 131 versus the average estimate of 131.9 (range 130-136) and 131 in December. Argentina's 2025/26 corn production is 53 million metric tonnes. The average estimate was 53.3 million metric tonnes, with a range of 52.5-55 million. Quarterly Grain Stocks reported December 1 corn stocks at 13.282 billion bushels, versus an average expectation of 12.981 billion bushels and a range of 11.928-13.369 billion. December 1 stocks last year were 12.075 billion. On-farm stocks were 8.699 billion bushels, up from 7.663 billion a year ago. Off-farm stocks were 4.583 billion bushels, higher than 4.412 billion in 2024.

PRICE OUTLOOK:
The report can be considered bearish, as the yield rose unexpectedly and harvested acres and carryout increased, resulting in larger-than-anticipated supplies. Quarterly stocks were also bearish, and the dry finish to the growing season apparently failed to reduce the record yields. With the carryout now expected to be well over 2 billion, the market will struggle on rallies unless demand support steps up significantly. March corn has fallen through the bottom of the recent range post-report, suggesting further weakness.

The World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates (WASDE) report is prepared monthly and includes forecasts for U.S. and world wheat, rice, and coarse grains (corn, barley, sorghum, and oats), oilseeds (soybeans, rapeseed, palm), and cotton. U.S. coverage is extended to sugar, meat, poultry, eggs, and milk. USDA World Agricultural Outlook Board analysts chair the Interagency Commodity Estimates Committees (ICECs) comprising representatives from several key USDA agencies. The nine ICECs- one for each commodity- compile and interpret information from USDA and other domestic and foreign official sources to produce the report.

The ICECs rely on Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) attaché reports and analysis of foreign commodity developments, Economic Research Service (ERS) domestic and foreign regional assessments, and National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) U.S. crop and livestock estimates. For domestic policy and market information, the Board relies on the Farm Services Agency and the Agricultural Marketing Service. WAOB and FAS use weather analysis and satellite imagery to monitor crop conditions. Additional private and public information sources are considered.

This broad information base is reviewed and analyzed by ICEC members who bring diverse expertise and perspectives to the report. To arrive at consensus forecasts, alternative assessments of domestic and foreign supply and use are vetted at the ICEC meetings. Throughout the growing season and afterwards, estimates are compared with new information on production and utilization, and historical revisions are made as necessary.

The WASDE reports a full balance sheet for each commodity. Separate estimates are made for components of supply (beginning stocks, imports, and production) and demand (domestic use, exports, and ending stocks). Domestic use is subdivided into major categories, for example corn for feed and corn for ethanol. Domestic use may be based on data from other Federal agencies: for example, U.S. wheat ground for flour, soybeans crushed for oil, and cotton mill use come from the Bureau of the Census. The demand side of the balance sheet may include a category for “residual” or “unaccounted” disappearance to balance known uses against total supplies.

The WASDE also reports forecast season-average farm prices for most items. Prices tie together both sides of the balance sheet. Market prices aid in rationing available supplies among competing uses. Prices also indicate potential supply responses, for example potential planting decisions for the upcoming year. The process of forecasting price and balance sheet items is complex and involves the interaction of expert judgment, commodity models, and in-depth research by USDA analysts on key domestic and international issues.

These reports present US and world supply/demand outlooks for a wide variety of agricultural products, including grains, oilseeds, cotton, pork and beef. They represent an accumulation of data on production and usage and offer projections for current/upcoming the marketing year.

The reports are released monthly, but the estimates are not necessarily revised every month. For the US data, production numbers tend to be revised during the growing season and into harvest, while demand numbers tend to be adjusted once the harvest is in and the products are marketed. The world data is adjusted every month because the data comes from many countries around the world.

Analysts focus primarily on each year’s ending stocks, as that provides a picture of whether supplies will be “tight” or “ample” at the end of the year. However, as production and consumption have been on a long term growth path for several decades, stock levels that may have been considered “ample” in years past may not be so anymore. With that in mind, analysts often prefer to use the stocks/usage ratio as a way of taking into account long term growth trends.

The world data covers individual countries as well as the entire world. Special attention is paid to the key producers, exporters and consumers. Brazil and the US together represent about 70% of global production and 85% of exports. The US, Argentina and Brazil represent 70% of global corn exports. Wheat is grown all around the world, with the US, Argentina, Australia, Canada, EU, Russia and Ukraine all major producers. India is the world’s largest producer of cotton, but the US is by far the largest exporter.

Traders will also want to keep in mind that marketing years vary from crop to crop, coinciding with the harvest. For example, wheat’s marketing year runs from June through May, cotton’s from August through July, corn and soybeans from September through August, and soybean meal and soybean oil from October through September (one month after soybeans).

The WASDE report also covers US meat production and consumption, including beef, pork and poultry. Annual production, consumption, export and stocks data is presented in the report, similar to the field crops. But this report also presents quarterly production data, which is of interest to cattle and hog traders, who track quarterly changes and compare them to previous years to gain insight as to whether the supply setup in upcoming quarters.