US: USDA Supply/Demand - Corn

Highlights

CORN:
The USDA's July Supply/Demand report showed US corn ending stocks for 2026/27 at 1.79 billion bushels, at the bottom of the estimate range of 1.789-2.0 billion. The average estimate was 1.899 billion bushels, and the June estimate was 1.96 billion. Corn ending stocks for 2025/26 were 2.02 billion bushels, versus the average estimate of 2.09 billion bushels and 2.145 billion bushels in June. The USDA's crop production report shows the 2026/27 crop at 16.0 billion bushels on a 183 bushel/acre yield, both right on the average estimates. The average pre-report estimate for production was 15.993 billion bushels (15.756-16.221 billion bushels range). The average pre-report corn yield estimate was 182.9 bushels/acre, with a range of 181.5 to 185 bushels/acre. World corn ending stocks estimate for 2026/27 was 275.3 million tonnes. The average trade estimate was 279 million tonnes (range: 271-282 million tonnes), and 281.2 million tonnes in June. Brazil's 2025/26 production came in at 138 million tonnes, versus the average trade estimate of 138.4 million tonnes in June. The range was 137.5-140 million tonnes. Argentina's 2025/26 corn production is projected at 63 million metric tonnes, right at the top end of the pre-report estimate range of 60.5-63 million. The average estimate was 61.5 million metric tonnes.

PRICE OUTLOOK:
USDA came through with bullish data in this report featuring smaller supplies, larger exports, and reduced US and global ending stocks. New crop ending stocks came in right on the low of the Bloomberg pre-report guesses. The expectation of lower trending world-ending stocks was confirmed, and that should provide underlying support for prices in the coming weeks. But weather will still be a very important factor, and although current models show a northwest shift in the heat in week 2, any model shift next week back to hotter, wetter for the Midwest in late July would require additional weather premium. Today's friendly report further raises the odds that the late-June low was important and that higher prices may be on the horizon.

Definition

The World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates (WASDE) report is prepared monthly and includes forecasts for U.S. and world wheat, rice, and coarse grains (corn, barley, sorghum, and oats), oilseeds (soybeans, rapeseed, palm), and cotton. U.S. coverage is extended to sugar, meat, poultry, eggs, and milk. USDA World Agricultural Outlook Board analysts chair the Interagency Commodity Estimates Committees (ICECs) comprising representatives from several key USDA agencies. The nine ICECs- one for each commodity- compile and interpret information from USDA and other domestic and foreign official sources to produce the report.

The ICECs rely on Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) attaché reports and analysis of foreign commodity developments, Economic Research Service (ERS) domestic and foreign regional assessments, and National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) U.S. crop and livestock estimates. For domestic policy and market information, the Board relies on the Farm Services Agency and the Agricultural Marketing Service. WAOB and FAS use weather analysis and satellite imagery to monitor crop conditions. Additional private and public information sources are considered.

This broad information base is reviewed and analyzed by ICEC members who bring diverse expertise and perspectives to the report. To arrive at consensus forecasts, alternative assessments of domestic and foreign supply and use are vetted at the ICEC meetings. Throughout the growing season and afterwards, estimates are compared with new information on production and utilization, and historical revisions are made as necessary.

The WASDE reports a full balance sheet for each commodity. Separate estimates are made for components of supply (beginning stocks, imports, and production) and demand (domestic use, exports, and ending stocks). Domestic use is subdivided into major categories, for example corn for feed and corn for ethanol. Domestic use may be based on data from other Federal agencies: for example, U.S. wheat ground for flour, soybeans crushed for oil, and cotton mill use come from the Bureau of the Census. The demand side of the balance sheet may include a category for “residual” or “unaccounted” disappearance to balance known uses against total supplies.

The WASDE also reports forecast season-average farm prices for most items. Prices tie together both sides of the balance sheet. Market prices aid in rationing available supplies among competing uses. Prices also indicate potential supply responses, for example potential planting decisions for the upcoming year. The process of forecasting price and balance sheet items is complex and involves the interaction of expert judgment, commodity models, and in-depth research by USDA analysts on key domestic and international issues.

Description

These reports present US and world supply/demand outlooks for a wide variety of agricultural products, including grains, oilseeds, cotton, pork and beef. They represent an accumulation of data on production and usage and offer projections for current/upcoming the marketing year.

The reports are released monthly, but the estimates are not necessarily revised every month. For the US data, production numbers tend to be revised during the growing season and into harvest, while demand numbers tend to be adjusted once the harvest is in and the products are marketed. The world data is adjusted every month because the data comes from many countries around the world.

Analysts focus primarily on each year’s ending stocks, as that provides a picture of whether supplies will be “tight” or “ample” at the end of the year. However, as production and consumption have been on a long term growth path for several decades, stock levels that may have been considered “ample” in years past may not be so anymore. With that in mind, analysts often prefer to use the stocks/usage ratio as a way of taking into account long term growth trends.

The world data covers individual countries as well as the entire world. Special attention is paid to the key producers, exporters and consumers. Brazil and the US together represent about 70% of global production and 85% of exports. The US, Argentina and Brazil represent 70% of global corn exports. Wheat is grown all around the world, with the US, Argentina, Australia, Canada, EU, Russia and Ukraine all major producers. India is the world’s largest producer of cotton, but the US is by far the largest exporter.

Traders will also want to keep in mind that marketing years vary from crop to crop, coinciding with the harvest. For example, wheat’s marketing year runs from June through May, cotton’s from August through July, corn and soybeans from September through August, and soybean meal and soybean oil from October through September (one month after soybeans).

The WASDE report also covers US meat production and consumption, including beef, pork and poultry. Annual production, consumption, export and stocks data is presented in the report, similar to the field crops. But this report also presents quarterly production data, which is of interest to cattle and hog traders, who track quarterly changes and compare them to previous years to gain insight as to whether the supply setup in upcoming quarters.

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